The Relations of Morphological Awareness with Language and Literacy Skills Vary Depending on Orthographic Depth and Nature of Morphological Awareness

We examined the relation of morphological awareness with language and literacy skills, namely phonological awareness, orthographic vocabulary, word reading, spelling, text reading fluency, comprehension. also potential moderators relations (grade level, depth language, receptive vs. productive inflectional derivational compound L1/L2 status). After systematic search, a total 232 articles (965 unique samples, N = 49,936 participants, 2,765 effect sizes in 17 languages) met inclusion criteria. Morphological was, on average, moderately related to (r .41), .39), vocabulary .50), .49), spelling .48), fluency .53), comprehension .54). Importantly, had stronger orthographically deep languages (.52) than shallow (.38). The was for upper elementary grades primary grades. magnitude varied by nature awareness: awareness; compared weaker but awareness. These results underscore importance reveal nuanced precise picture their relations.